Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in women's lives
when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able
to bear children. Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years
of age. Medical professionals often define menopause as having
occurred when a woman has not had any menstrual bleeding for a year.
It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the
ovaries. In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but
still have ovaries, menopause may be considered to have occurred at
the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell. Following
the removal of the uterus, symptoms typically occur earlier, at an
average of 45 years of age.In the years before menopause, a woman's
periods typically become irregular, which means that periods may be
longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount
of flow. During this time, women often experience hot flashes; these
typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated
with shivering, sweating, and reddening of the skin. Hot flashes often
stop occurring after a year or two. Other symptoms may include vaginal
dryness, trouble sleeping, and mood changes. The severity of symptoms
varies between women. While menopause is often thought to be linked to
an increase in heart disease, this primarily occurs due to increasing
age and does not have a direct relationship with menopause. In some
women, problems that were present like endometriosis or painful
periods will improve after menopause.Menopause is usually a natural
change. It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco. Other causes
include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of
chemotherapy. At the physiological level, menopause happens because of
a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and
progesterone. While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can
be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine.
Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods
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