Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism (including conscription and
mandatory military service) or violence. The word pacifism was coined
by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud (1864â€"1921) and adopted
by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in
Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a
core philosophy in Indian Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated
since the 19th century, ancient references abound.In modern times,
interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in
The Kingdom of God Is Within You. Mahatma Gandhi (1869â€"1948)
propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he
called "satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian
Independence Movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to
Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson, Mary and Charles Beard, James
Bevel, Thich Nhat Hanh and many others in the civil rights
movement.Pacifism covers a spectrum of views, including the belief
that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved,
calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war,
opposition to any organization of society through governmental force
(anarchist or libertarian pacifism), rejection of the use of physical
violence to obtain political, economic or social goals, the
obliteration of force, and opposition to violence under any
circumstance, even defence of self and others. Historians of pacifism
Peter Brock and Thomas Paul Socknat define pacifism "in the sense
generally accepted in English-speaking areas" as "an unconditional
rejection of all forms of warfare". Philosopher Jenny Teichman defines
the main form of pacifism as "anti-warism", the rejection of all forms
of warfare. Teichman's beliefs have been summarized by Brian Orend as
"... A pacifist rejects war and believes there are no moral grounds
which can justify resorting to war. War, for the pacifist, is always
wrong." In a sense the philosophy is based on the idea that the ends
do not justify the means.Pacifism may be based on moral principles (a
deontological view) or pragmatism (a consequentialist view).
Principled pacifism holds that at some point along the spectrum from
war to interpersonal physical violence, such violence becomes morally
wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and
interpersonal violence are so substantial that better ways of
resolving disputes must be found. Pacifists generally reject theories
of Just War. Pacifism Biography, NetWorth, Height, Age, Weight, Family, Married, Son, Daughter